Bundler: The best way to manage a Ruby application's gems

Gemfiles require at least one gem source, in the form of the URL for a RubyGems server. There are shortcuts for the default gem server, so all of these sources are the same.

source :rubygems
source 'https://rubygems.org'
source :rubyforge
source 'http://gems.rubyforge.org'
source :gemcutter
source 'http://gemcutter.org'

Declare the gems that you need, including version numbers. Specify versions using the same syntax that RubyGems supports for dependencies.

gem 'nokogiri'
gem 'rails', '3.0.0.beta3'
gem 'rack',  '>=1.0'
gem 'thin',  '~>1.1'

Most of the version specifiers, like >= 1.0, are self-explanatory. The specifier ~> has a special meaning, best shown by example. ~> 2.0.3 is identical to >= 2.0.3 and < 2.1. ~> 2.1 is identical to >= 2.1 and < 3.0. ~> 2.2.beta will match prerelease versions like 2.2.beta.12.

RubyGems version specifiers

If a gem's main file is different than the gem name, specify how to require it.

gem 'rspec', :require => 'spec'
gem 'sqlite3'

Specify :require => false to prevent bundler from requiring the gem, but still install it and maintain dependencies.

gem 'rspec', :require => false
gem 'sqlite3'

In order to require gems in your Gemfile, you will need to call Bundler.require in your application.

Learn More: Bundler.require

Git repositories are also valid gem sources, as long as the repo contains one or more valid gems. Specify what to check out with :tag, :branch, or :ref. The default is the master branch.

gem 'nokogiri', :git => 'https://github.com/tenderlove/nokogiri.git', :branch => '1.4'

git 'https://github.com/wycats/thor.git', :tag => 'v0.13.4'
gem 'thor'

If the git repository does not contain a .gemspec file, bundler will create a simple one, without any dependencies, executables or C extensions. This may work for simple gems, but not work for others. If there is no .gemspec, you probably shouldn't use the gem from git.

Learn more: Git

If you are actively developing a gem, perhaps checked out from Github, you can use the gem directly from its directory on your filesystem.

gem 'nokogiri', :path => '~/sw/gems/nokogiri'

Dependencies can be placed into groups, to be ignored at install-time or required all at once.

gem 'wirble', :group => :development
gem 'ruby-debug', :group => [:development, :test]

group :test do
  gem 'rspec'
end

Learn more: Groups

You can now specify the version of Ruby in the Gemfile like the following:

ruby '1.9.3'

What this means is that this app has a dependency to a Ruby VM that is ABI compatible with 1.9.3. If the version check does not match, Bundler will raise an exception. This will ensure the running code matches. You can be more specific with the :engine and :engine_version options.

ruby '1.9.3', :engine => 'jruby', :engine_version => '1.6.7'

Learn More: Ruby Directive

In Depth

Gemfiles